THE FAILED OF REFORMATION

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of studies

Reformation a days has become a common word in politics in this country now. The supporter of reformation in politics and economics extend not only student movements and intellectual criticisms but also government. It was begun from House of Representation, Military, and all people who live in Indonesia. The purpose of government or House of Representation in supporting the reformation is not clear. They just follow the trend to safe they profession. They just want get profit from this tragedy or they really want
Indonesiato change to be better.
The reformation period, as one of history phenomenon that replaces Orde Baru. Orde Baru has made Indonesians suffer as long as 32 years with all the policies from The King who hold the authority. Reformation has hold important part in replacing Orde baru.

The reformation period has run as long as 5 years but Indonesia still does not change. There are progresses in some aspects in Indonesians life, like democratization, open mind, or freedom to speak your mind but it is not enough to make Indonesia becomes stabile in economics or politics like before. All people knew that Soeharto has left debt about 100 trillion rupias and because of that we can see the effect from that. Now Indonesian is controlled by organization that has lent us the money. They are IMF, World Bank, etc.

As long as the formation period, Indonesia has changed the president for three times. Every president owns “unique” story when he/she holds the authority. First example is Habibie. He was third the president after Soeharto. In his authority period, he succeeds in selling Timor-Timor. Let’s forget about his background, whether he came from economic community that all things are counted by money or whether he came from military that all things are expected by winning or losing. However, he succeeds making new Indonesia history. He made Indonesia lost one of its “children”. The readers maybe knew that to have Timor-Timor in the past we needed sacrifice and not few people had killed. The fourth president after Habibie is KH. Abdulrahman Wahid or usually we called him Gusdur. In his authority period, he spent it with going around the world. The purpose of why he did it is not clear. He did it to get support from other countries or to get support that related to him self and his authority, but one thing that the readers have to know that the vocation is not free. He used exchequer for his vocation. The fifth president of Indonesia is Megawati Soekarno Putri. She is Soekarno’s daughter and she inherits Soekarno’s talent in speech. Her mistake in her authority period is that she sold some major state’s asset like Indosat Pertamina (only half of share) and now she will sell PLN and Telkom share. She does not know that Indosat and Telkom are important because they are relating with information. If foreigners have taken information that easily, our country can be controlled. Information can be used as tools to make propaganda and it creates war, crime, and other negative things will be happened


THEORY

In this chapter, we talk about the things that in connected with Reformation. The things like Politic, Democracy, Authority and Reformation it self. Politic is The art of living together, despite differences (Seery,John Evan. 1990. 340) Politic is so connected with all revolution and all change it’s include Orde Baru fall, Reformation period, student and people movement, etc.
Politic reformation period realized because of democracy in Indonesia is disappearing. Now, let’s talk about Democracy Definition. In much-quoted statement, Abraham Lincoln described democracy as government of the people, by the people and for the people. The statement is good, thought it is not as sharp as it might be in distinguishing democracy from other forms of government. All governments are “of the people” in the sense that they rule over people, all governments have people as their subjects. Most or all governments claim to be “for the people “ in the sense that they serve the interest of the people, if not their desires.
Lincoln’s control phrase is thus the key one: Democratic government is government “by the people” democracy provides for self-government (Dyke, Vernon Van. 1992. 9)


The criteria and ideal standard to value democracy process is:

1. Enlightened understanding

Democracy as government by people, it means People can get all things that they want to have, They want to do and what they see that is better for them. However people must be enlightened and must be educated in order to decided what they want. Government must give people freedom like Freedom to talking and writing, Freedom to expression and freedom to speak their mind.

2. Effective Participation

There are two steps to taking over decision. The first is appointment plan and appointment result. Before go to final decision in democracy nation, People must active in appointment policy, influence and decide the result process.

3. Controlling in planing decision.

People must have exclusive opportunity to decide steps and priority in that planning. People hold ended word or the last control in everything policy.

4. Equality in taking over decision.

a. Everybody have equality in taking over. Individual as Autonomous agent who has ability in rational thinking to developing them self.

b. There are choices to be chosen

5. Economic development must be done with democratization because of possessor production factor must be done with fair and spread. Nation holds authority in authorizing the important branches of the Nation that influence to Indonesian life in order to losing monopolist. (Panggabean, Samsu Rizal. 1996. 3 - 7)

Power is a relationship in which one person or groups are able to determine the action of another in direction of the farmer is own ends (Laswell and Kapian. Op.cit. 74) It is thread of sanctions which differentiates power from influence in general. Power is a special case of exercise of influence: It is the process affecting policies of others with help of actual or threatened severe deprivation on non- – comfornity with the policies intended (Lasswell and kaplan. Op.Cit. 76)

Reformation period is also called resurrection democracy period. President B.J Habibie on August 15th 1999 said that reformation is correction that institutional and continuously in all deviations in economics, politics, and laws, in order to Indonesian get up again in open situation and democracy situation. (Budiyanto.2000. 165)

ANALYSIS

A. The Reformation Background
Reformation now becomes a common word that the most people said and write. That word actually has simple meaning but now it keeps complex problem and contains the biggest energy to change nation destiny to be better (Maruto and Arwani. 2002.vii). Reformation appears because of the long crisis. Start from monetary crisis and it becomes expansion. That crisis because of system that is made by Orde Baru government but in the end, Orde Baru Authority can not hold on and fall in the middle of 1998.

Orde Baru has been able to stand up for so long because it has ability in organizing it self and in public controlling (Wahid, salahudin. 2003. 2). The system that has been created by Orde Baru has been growing and become public culture in Indonesian. Most system has been created to make easy government and people to do Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism (CCN). One of reformation aimS is to make CCN disappear from our government political system. However, it is not easy because it has become a culture in Indonesia. It impossible to make CCN disappeared only in short time but since reformation begun it can decrease. CCN can disturb reformation process.

Orde Baru produces the big disparity in economy, politic, social and culture. Disparity between the authorize and unauthorized. The difference expansion between element nation, and ethnic (SARA).
Because of that situation, reformation movement has larger room to fought and appeared.

B. The Obstacles Democratization Process in Indonesia

The Indonesian now look up upon many difficult choices in coordinating and running the strategic direction to bring up people’s life in all aspects in their life. One of the progress that can be decreased the totality of broken is changed in politic. In politic, Indonesian has succeed in doing some corrections that are very useful.

Politic process that happened for 2 years since 1998 to 1999 has made democratic in Indonesia growing up and standing up far enough. We can see the progress like the change House of Representation structure, freedom in press, freedom to speak their mind and correction in general election system. That means democratization process in
Indonesia has run far enough from 1998 to 1999. People can see and feel some effects from democracy in Indonesia in of nation or out nation. Although some corrections have happened, one question should be answered. The question is, did Indonesia have done the real democratization? To answer that question we can look democratization problem in Indonesia

Democratization problem in Indonesia is:
1. Democracy in Indonesia is not widely spread, democracy appears only in big cities and some area. We can see the observation from laboratory political science in University of Indonesia cooperate with Ohio State said that more than 86% elector does not know who is their representation to sit down in house of representation. Democracy becomes sustainable only in some area and some element in this nation that means that democracy in Indonesia so far from sustainable.

2. Many people use Democracy to do anything to get profit, to conquer their rival in competition and conflict. Even at the same moment, some democracy elements appear decline to some other elements like crime and anarchism.

3. The fall of Orde Baru and economic crisis that have been caused unstabile politic since 1998 to 1999 that cause acceleration of democracy in Indonesia. That means democracy since 1998 to 1999 is not happen because people have full knowledge about democracy but it is “compulsory democracy”. With that condition like that we can see after 1999 democracy decline and even come the anti democracy element.

C. The Obstacles of Reformation that Cause the Failed of Reformation

Reformation that has happened in Indonesia is not following reformation concept and principles. Reformation in
Indonesia is:

1. Reformation in Indonesiais not able to discriminate between old bad value and new value that can change old bad value to be better. Other means that reformation in Indonesia does not have clear concept.

2. Reformation in

Indonesia

is not able to identify what system that must be changed and tred to make alternative system. New System usually is old system that is packed by new way without clear alternative.


3. Reformation in

Indonesia

not changes old behavior and old mind set with new behavior and new mind set. “Old people” with old behavior and old mind set exist more because they are very smart in put theim self as “servant” and “the king”


4. Reformation in

Indonesia

is not able to separate between old power and new power. Because of that there are not clear rules to punish them and we can not “wash” all the old power


5. Reformation in

Indonesia

is walking on the power share and power shift and is not walking on the power change. This is proved that fact after conflict is general election (PEMILU) and not reconciliation and clearing


6. Reformation is not lead by reformation and revolution leader who the leaders really want to do systematic correction and in the right reformation ideology. Most of leader is people who want to get authority. They are marginal group in old authority system and not opposition group.



By that, social change means that reformation that is happened in

Indonesia

is pseudo reformation. Reformation like that can not fulfil reformation aim that has systematic in makes disappear CCN (KKN), politic and economic democratization and stand up the rules.


All dynamic and social problems now can read in some context in the failed of reformation get all aim and targets. Salahudin Wahid in

Indonesia

conference student in Balai sidang BNI University of Indonesia said that the important things that causes of failure of reformation is:


1. Social distrust



Social distrust is general phenomenon, which we can see easily in non-formal or formal situation. This social distrust can be categorized in three kinds:






a. The leader distrust



The cause of leader distrust are:



- Objective causes



The crisis of leadership in every level in local or national. The new CCN (KKN), economic and political crisis that makes people distrust to government



- Subject causes



Indonesian misses the strong leader like in Orde baru this is like anomaly in the unpredictable situation, people misses old way that give them save.



b. Distrust to system



This distrust because of the failed of old system that give certain in arrangement in nation life.



c. Distrust to fellow man



This distrust comes from the marginalisasi people process since Orde baru. People always be object by the authorize in Orde baru. The opportunity that had been given a number of people makes the distrust fellow man.



2. Social Violence



Radical effect from social distrust is violence in social community. Most of people like right action by violence when they feel disturbed or have a problem. That causes people become distrust system.









3. Instability politic



Another effect from social distrust in elite politic level is character assassination culture between politician. Character assassination is the most donator instability in politic that is included political life today. Instability comes from unclear all rules and priority their self and their group.



4. The economy crisis



Until now, the rehabilitation of economic nation so far from people hopes. The economy growth is so difficult to predicted and more consumption that production or invitation in this nation. Pure people are the major sacrifice from economy crisis and the fact of this is there are more unemployment in

Indonesia

today.


5. The disintegration Threat



a. Social disintegration



Disintegration causes from unfair from criminal cases to humanism in the past.



b. National disintegration



National disintegration is the separated nation that is caused the difference between center and town as ten years and until now, we can not found the solution.









CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION







CONCLUSION

Reformation in

Indonesia

starts since Orde Baru authority fall that has authorized as long as 32 years. Until today reformation run about 5 years, but it is not produce real things, the great things and it so far from Indonesian’s hope. Some President after Orde Baru fall is not producing the rational leaders but dictator leaders. Dictator leaders or bad condition now is better than Orde Baru


Many scandals have been done to defend their authority. From the out side,

Indonesia

is seen stabile than in transition period but it is not true the fact say that it is not full stabile but just “like stabile”. Political Party as formal institution is not useful like democracy symbol. They are not hear people’s hope, they are only to get authority and than they get opportunity to do Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism. Situation in
Indonesia

become worst, to corrects all, that is needed cooperate and union from people and government. Beside it, That is needed control to government in order to government still in the reformation right way. Today, reformation has failed but reformation does not die. It is time to wake up from the fault to the New Indonesia.





SUGGESTION

The failed of reformation is caused by social problems that we knew in Part three. The social problems are so complex and need long time change it all. Proof, Dr, Nurcholis Madjid said that process to democracy is like to climb sky-scraper building from first floor to the last floor without lift. It means that to go to Democracy Nation needs more energy, more times, more power and more concentration. The major thing is Reformation is not realized without democracy. Democracy and reformation is not realized if the process to go them is run by violence, because of that consolidation democracy process must be run by peace way without violence.



Social problems like social distrust, social violence, instability politic, the economy crisis and the disintegration threat can be solved by this ways:



1. Social Distrust



Social distrust can be solved by education is based by multicultural that enable Indonesian to understand the meaning of difference and it must socialize since early. Justice in law to all people is needed to decrease social distrust.



2. Social Violence



Social distrust factor and fault in conflict solution cause social violence. The long-term solution is, it must be given love and peace feeling in daily life. The short term solution, social distrust can be prevented if all institution formal and non formal can do cooperate together and do educative in socialize the important of obey to the law.



3. Instability Politic



Ineffective elite political and government work cause instability politic. This is can solved by perfecting political system and do that system with consistent. Government must wind with people in decide policy process in order to democracy in

Indonesia

can be realized.


4. Economy crisis



Today is too difficult to recovery economy because all natural sources are just authorized with some people, if they are failed so economy will be paralytic. The solution for this problem is, government must decrease centralization and try to create the real otonomy for each province. In short term government must increase economy development to invite foreign investor to invest their money and government must decrease complex law in export and import commodity in order to get many devisa to our country.



5. Disintegration Threat



National disintegration is the separated nation that is caused the big difference between center and town. In Orde Baru is happened centralization so only big city and the capital of nation that become progress. In reformation period, autonomy must be increase in order to spread everywhere will realize.







Depok 2002,


Indah Survyana